Although the contribution of one-child restrictions to the broader program has been the subject of controversy – in terms of analysing generational consequentialism, the program had wide-ranging social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects. The term one-child policy refers to a population planning initiative in China implemented between 01980 and 02015 to curb the country’s population growth by restricting many families to a single child. That initiative was part of a much broader effort to control population growth that began in 01970 and ended in 02021, a half century program that included minimum ages at marriage and childbearing, two child limits for many couples, minimum time intervals between births, heavy surveillance, and stiff fines for non-compliance.